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Early human migrations and expansions of archaic and modern humans across continents began 2 million years ago with the migration out of Africa of ''Homo erectus''. This was followed by the migrations of other pre-modern humans including ''H. heidelbergensis'', the likely ancestor of both modern humans and Neanderthals. Finally, ''Homo sapiens'' ventured out of Africa around 200,000 years ago, spread across Asia from 75,000 years ago and arrived on new continents and islands since then. Knowledge of early human migrations, a major topic of archeology, has been achieved by the study of human fossils, occasionally by stone-age artifacts. and more recently has been assisted by archaeogenetics Cultural and ethnic migrations are estimated by combining archaeogenetics and comparative linguistics. ==Early humans (before ''Homo sapiens)''== (詳細はHomo erectus'' migrated from out of Africa via the Levantine corridor and Horn of Africa to Eurasia during the Early Pleistocene, possibly as a result of the operation of the Saharan pump, around 1.9 million years ago, and dispersed throughout most of the Old World, reaching as far as Southeast Asia. The date of original dispersal beyond Africa virtually coincides with the appearance of ''Homo ergaster'' in the fossil record, and about half a million years after the appearance of the ''Homo'' genus itself and the first stone tools of the Oldowan industry. Key sites for this early migration out of Africa are Riwat in Pakistan (~2 Ma?〔Out of Africa I: The First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia http://www.springer.com/social+sciences/anthropology+%26+archaeology/book/978-90-481-9035-5〕), Ubeidiya in the Levant (1.5 Ma) and Dmanisi in the Caucasus (1.81 ± 0.03 Ma, p = 0.05). China was populated more than a million years ago, as early as 1.66 Mya based on stone artifacts found in the Nihewan Basin.〔R. Zhu et al. (2004), ''New evidence on the earliest human presence at high northern latitudes in northeast Asia''.〕 Stone tools found at Xiaochangliang site were dated to 1.36 million years ago. The archaeological site of Xihoudu () in Shanxi Province is the earliest recorded use of fire by ''Homo erectus'', which is dated 1.27 million years ago.〔 Southeast Asia (Java) was reached about 1.7 million years ago (Meganthropus). West Europe was first populated around 1.2 million years ago (Atapuerca). Robert G. Bednarik has suggested that ''Homo erectus'' may have built rafts and sailed oceans, a theory that has raised some controversy.〔 (ScienceNews summary )〕 The expansion of ''H. erectus'' was followed by the arrival of ''H. antecessor'' in Europe around 800,000 years ago, which was in turn followed by migration from Africa to Europe of ''H. heidelbergensis'', the likely ancestor of both modern humans and Neanderthals, around 600,000 years ago. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「early human migrations」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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